Socially Constructed Reality and Meaning in Notes from Underground Essa

Socially Constructed Reality and Meaning in Notes from UndergroundJust as the hands in M.C. Eschers Drawing Hands both create and argon createdby each other, the identity of man and society are mutually interdependent. According tothe good example described in The blessed Canopy, Peter Berger believes that man externalizesor creates a social humans that is in turn objectified, or accepted by him as real. Thissociological model creates a useful framework for understanding the narrators rejectionof ultimate reality or truth in Fyodor Dostoevskys Notes from Underground. The realityin which the narrator tries to live in part II, and the reality that he rejects in part I, areboth created and, as such, are ultimately meaningless. The underground mans refusal toobjectify social reality causes a feeling of meaninglessness and raises a fundawork forcetalquestion of purpose that confronts people of all dispositions.Bergers theory is based on a dialectical relationship between man and socie ty. Toexplain his theory he defines three terms. Externalization is the ongoing release ofhuman being into the world. Objectivation, the attainment by the products of this activityof a reality that confronts its original producers as a facticity external to and other thanthemselves. Internalization is the reappropriation by men of this same reality,transforming into structures of the subjective consciousness, (Berger 4). He believes thatsociety is a wholly human invention created by mans tendency to externalize. Thiscreated entity is then objectified by man, braggart(a) society and its features the appearance oftrue reality. His newly created reality then acts upon and shapes man throughinternalization. Man, his identity... ...fulfills his societal roles. Chernyshevskys utilitarian is happywhen individual needs are met. The man of consciousness can be happy, even if hishappiness comes from the rejection of happiness altogether. There is no superiorhappiness there is no superior event of fulfillment. The individual achieves these ends byacting individually. No hand can avoid drawing, and man finds completeness when hefulfills the purpose that he has drawn for himself.Works CitedBerger, Peter L. The Sacred Canopy Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion.New York Anchor Books, 1990.Escher, M.C. Drawing Hands. Cover of Norton edition of Notes from Underground.Katz, Michael R., ed. Notes from Underground. New York W.W. Norton & Company,2001.Chernyshevsky, Nikolai. What Is to Be Done? Katz 104-123.Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Notes from Underground. Katz 3-91

Resturant Law Essay -- essays research papers

In the business world every business has its own set of laws and regulations to pursue and adhere too. Some shed very few laws and others generate so many it is mind numbing but, each law is set up to protect every worker, customer or person associated with that businesss location. However, some of these laws are outdated or just plain unnecessary in nows 21st century business environment.The business that I chose to examine is the restaurant industry. I chose it because I have a great love for prep and I hope to someday open my own restaurant. It made great sense to learn some of the laws now while still in aim that could preserve my future business endeavors. First I will review the laws and regulations pertinent to the restaurant business and then I will explain the impact of those laws on the restaurant business.The first laws that I found were the laws from OSHA. OSHA contains many laws that are designed to create a safe work practice and keep workers out of situations that sack up be potenti altogethery harmful. Without OSHA many workplaces would be a lot more unsafe than they are now. OSHA reduced the number of work place injuries and deaths, making it unmatched of the most important sets of laws to govern all business and especially the restaurant business.OSHA calls for two different types of fire prevention equipment to be placed in all restaurants. First it calls for automatic sprinklers to be installed per OSHA standards. These standards are that they have a certain spraying pattern, densities, water flow that can cover the whole area that it is above. subsequently meeting those specs the business then has to get the system to meet water try standards. Basically the standard is that the system has a water supply that can flow for thirty minutes.The next statute that must be met is the piping needs to be protected from freezing and corrosion from the surrounding environment. This assures that if a fire occurs the piping will be able to t ake the water pressure that is flowing through to the sprinkler system. Also it calls for the system to have a good drainage system that allows the system to drop the water from the sprinkler system and then have it drain back into a reservoir. The final statute from OSHA 1910.159 is that the sprinklers be space... ...and non even paid in a way that allows them to live in a normal way. There is only one change that I smell the Department of Labor should enact. That is a raise in the minimum wage. Many friends I have work so hard for their $5.25 and never really have much to show for it. If the minimum wage was raised many wad who are working two part time jobs to make ends meet would have a better chance of making those ends meet. Not to mention raising minimum wage could spur the economy by placing more spending reason into the hands of the demographics that tend to spend the most, the youth of America.In this country we have seen the world of business change over and over. A s the country has grown so has the need to keep our workers safe and happy. The laws I have discussed are meant to keep the restaurant industry a safe and happy place for the many people who work in them day in and day out. Without those laws the restaurant industry would not be a very healthy or safe place to frequent as much as American people do. So each of the laws are essential to making the industry profitable and safe.

Solutions to Global Warming Essay -- Climate Change, Synthesis Essays

You hear active it from television news broadcasts. You read about it in newspapers and magazines. You talk about it with friends and co-workers. There have even been movies made about it. The it is global heating plant. Global warming refers to the global-average temperature increase that has been observed over the terminal one hundred years or more (Spencer). Some experts argue that global warming is a result of human activities, while others believe the warming and cooling of the Earths atmosphere is a natural unit of ammunition. Supporters of human induced global warming stress that since the Industrial Revolution we have released lush amounts of carbon dioxide, a known glasshouse gas, into the atmosphere and increased the Earths temperature. On the other hand, some scientists declare that based on wish-wash core samples the Earth has experienced several warming cycles for thousands of years (Barry, 2000). Despite the ongoing debate on whether global warming is a natural cycle or caused by human activities, there are things individuals and nations could do to protect and conserve our environment. Before discussing possible solutions to address global warming, I would like to empower some background information about global warming. Plants, animals, and humans are able to survive on this planet because of the atmospheres natural greenhouse effect. The Earths atmosphere is primarily composed of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane, which re-radiates the suns infrared radiation back down to the Earths surface (Barry, 2000). Consequently, an increase in these greenhouse effect components could result in more heat being trapped and an increase in the atmospheric temperature. Bjorn Lomborg (2007, p. 10) states that with... .... (2007, November 8). How to develop climate change The easy way. In Z. Sharp (Ed.), Annual editions Environment 09/10 (pp. 209-211). New York McGraw Hill.Spencer, R. (n.d.). Global warming natural or manmade. Retr ieved from http//www.drroyspencer.com/global-warming-natural-or-manmade/Top 50 things to do to stop global warming. (2009, February 5). Retrieved from http//globalwarming-facts.info/50-tips.htmlUnited States Census Bureau. (2008, December). World Population 1950-2050. Retrieved from http//www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpopgraph.htmlUnited States Department of Agriculture. (2009, August 12). Sustainable development. Retrieved from http//www.usda.gov/oce/sustainable/index.htmWallace, J. W. (2005, April 26). Nuclear exponent 2010 Program. In T. A. Easton (Ed.), Taking sides Clashing views on environmental issues (p. 220). New York McGraw Hill.

Irish Political History and Structure Essay -- essays research papers

The modern political history of Ireland dope be separated into two time menstruums. The first period is its time spent under British rule as only one territory of the United Kingdom. The second period, which represents the beginning of the modern Irish land, took place during the early twentieth century. The road to stateal sovereignty was neither easy nor short as Britain was far from eager to let its dependent state go. The first organized movement towards independence occurred in 1916 when revolutionaries declared Ireland to be free from British rule on Easter of that year. Despite the ultimate calamity of this initial push towards freedom Britain eventually allow the southern 26, of 38, counties dominion status in 1921. Further steps were taken in 1937 when Ireland drafted its constitution and was granted full sovereignty. The final phase in southern Irelands independence came in 1949 when its status as a British commonwealth ended and the kingdom was declared a republic. However, even after disassociating itself from the United Kingdom the southern counties of Ireland wouldnt be completely satisfied as long as the be 6 counties that comprised Northern Ireland were still a part of Britains empire. The predominantly protestant northern counties of Ireland have been a barrier to peace in the vicinity from the first days of the Republic up to today. These counties are considered as a separate state precisely can also be considered as the very(prenominal) nation. This topic will be explored in more depth after the explanations of both the current Irish state as well as what can be considered the Irish nation. The state of Ireland encompasses 26 of the islands 32 counties and occupies all but the northeastern quarter of the island. The national government is a Republican Democracy and consists of a duel executive, a bicameral legislature and a judicial branch. The Executive branch is split into two parts and is considered to follow a variation of the affaire dhonneur Executive model. The head of state in the executive branch is the president, or Uachtaran, who is directly elected by the citizens and serves a seven year term. The Executive superpower of the state is exercised by the cabinet, which is led by the Prime Minister. Irelands executive system can be considered to be a variation of the duel executive method due to the fact that the head of state ... ..., despite pledges from both governments to work towards peace, negotiations have still been rocky at best. On the subject of impertinent affairs Ireland has traditionally stuck to a position of non-involvement and has remained neutral in the conflicts of the twentieth century. Despite Irelands inactivity in military affairs the nation has been considered quite active as a constituent of the UN since its induction in 1955. Ireland is currently very active in the Security Council and is a proponent in the process of disarmament as well as other areas of International po licy. Also, there are currently some 515 Irish personnel serving on 9 UN missions. Irelands most significent and longest standing contribution to UN peacekeeping was to the UNIFIL force in Lebanon, to which Ireland provided troops since its inception in 1978 until late 2001. Ireland is also a member of the European Union and has been since 1973. In fact this year it is Irelands turn to act as president of the EU. Participation in international groups has increased over the decades but the activities of the IRA continue to put a strain on foreign relations, especially those with Great Britain.

Utopia Essay -- essays research papers

Utopia     Utopias are generally said to be societies in which the political,social and economic troubles hampering its inhabitants has been done away with.Instead the state is there to service the people and ensure the peacefulness andhappiness of everyone. The word utopia, which means "no place" in Greek, wasfirst used to mean a perfect guild in 1516 in the publication of Saint ThomasMores story "Utopia". The story depicted life as it was with its people andsocial institutions on an imaginary island. Mores Utopia gained faultfindingacclaim and a wide audience. The term was subsequently used by all prominentsocial thinkers and visionaries to define other concepts of this kind.     During the nineteenth century many an(prenominal) attempts were made to actually establishcommunities which followed the beliefs of a utopian society. Most wereexperiments in utopian socialism. Although they differed considerably in theirspecific views, most of them agreed that ideal societies could be createdwithout much difficulty. They felt all that was needed was to have theformation of a few small, cooperative communities made up of their followers.     The comte de Saint-Simon regarded technological progress and large photographic plateeconomic organization as being the most important keys to the establishment ofthese communities. It was felt that industrial growth was the key to happinessfor people in the future.     another(prenominal) visionary, Fourier, was quite the opposite of Saint-Simon. HeSpoke strongly against the use of industry. His opinion was that agriculturalcommunities would be better suited for this situation. He favored thesecommunities as he saw them as small, self-sufficient and more importantly, freefrom the restraints that were being imposed by civilization.     Experimental societies based on the theories of the utopians were alsoset u p in Europe and the Unites States. They included Robert Owens cooperativecommunities in New Harmony, lnd., and New Lanark, Scotland. Most of these didnot survive long. One of the longer lasting of these communities was the OneidaCommunity. It lasted from 1848 to 1881. By the middle of the 19th century theutopian socialists were beginning to be eclipsed by more militant radicalmovements. These... ...eat big leather lazyboy in front of the t.v.would also be required. electronic gizmos of all shapes and sizes wouldsurround me.     Then as my children grew older, Id hope to be able to provide them withthe opportunity to receive a college education, as this is key to success. Tosee them go on to do well for themselves would make me very proud.     By then I would start to contemplate retirement. Id hope to have anice bitty nest egg stashed away so that I may live comfortably for the rest ofmy life. I hope to grow old peacefully, and as dark as t his may sound, Ihope that when my time does come, I die in my sleep. Never felling a thing.     I know that many of the things I rightful(prenominal) mentioned may never happen. Manyof my wishes are just that, wishful thinking. It is just a concept of a type oflife I would like to live. echt or not. But after all, its MY private utopia.Plus we must remember that utopias in these times in their most technicaldefinition do not exist. They are merely ideas and concepts of the world as manwould wish it were. Being a man in this world of ours, I have my wishes too.

Utopia Essay -- essays research papers

Utopia     Utopias are gener completelyy said to be societies in which the political, kind and economic troubles hampering its inhabitants has been done away with.Instead the state is there to serve the people and ensure the peacefulness andhappiness of everyone. The word utopia, which means "no coiffure" in Greek, wasfirst used to mean a perfect society in 1516 in the publication of Saint ThomasMores story "Utopia". The story pictured life as it was with its people andsocial institutions on an imaginary island. Mores Utopia gained criticalacclaim and a wide audience. The term was subsequently used by all prominentsocial thinkers and visionaries to define other concepts of this kind.     During the 19th century many attempts were made to actually establishcommunities which followed the beliefs of a utopian society. Most wereexperiments in utopian socialism. Although they differed considerably in theirspecific views, most of th em agreed that ideal societies could be createdwithout much difficulty. They mat up all that was needed was to have theformation of a some small, cooperative communities made up of their followers.     The comte de Saint-Simon regarded technological progress and large scaleeconomic organization as being the most important keys to the establishment ofthese communities. It was felt that industrial growth was the key to happinessfor people in the future.     Another visionary, Fourier, was quite the opposite of Saint-Simon. HeSpoke strongly against the use of industry. His opinion was that awkwardcommunities would be better suited for this situation. He favored thesecommunities as he saw them as small, self-sufficient and more importantly, freefrom the restraints that were being imposed by civilization.     Experimental societies based on the theories of the utopians were alsoset up in Europe and the Unites States. They inc luded Robert Owens cooperativecommunities in New Harmony, lnd., and New Lanark, Scotland. Most of these didnot survive long. One of the longer lasting of these communities was the OneidaCommunity. It lasted from 1848 to 1881. By the middle of the 19th century theutopian socialists were beginning to be eclipsed by more militant radicalmovements. These... ...eat big leather lazyboy in front of the t.v.would also be required. Electronic gizmos of all shapes and sizes wouldsurround me.     Then as my children grew older, Id hope to be able to erect them withthe opportunity to receive a college education, as this is key to success. Tosee them go on to do well for themselves would make me very proud.     By then I would start to contemplate retirement. Id hope to have anice little nest egg stashed away so that I may live advantageously for the rest ofmy life. I hope to grow old peacefully, and as gruesome as this may sound, Ihope that when my ti me does come, I die in my sleep. Never felling a thing.     I know that many of the things I just mentioned may never happen. Manyof my wishes are just that, wishful thinking. It is just a concept of a type oflife I would like to live. Real or not. But after all, its MY private utopia.Plus we must remember that utopias in these times in their most technicaldefinition do not exist. They are merely ideas and concepts of the world as manwould wish it were. Being a man in this world of ours, I have my wishes too.

Gerdes Psychological Services Essay

E3-1B (Transaction Analysis att residue to Company) Brown is a licensed CPA. During the first month of operations of her business (a sole proprietorship), the following events and transactions occurred. April 3 Purchased supplies on account $1,610. 11 Completed a tax assignment and billed client $2,530 for go rendered. 12 Received $7,360 advance on a management consulting engagement. 17 Received cash of $5,290 for services completed for Calunga Co. 21 Paid insurance put down $253. 30 Owe the secretary-receptionist $2,668 for the month. 30 A count of supplies indicated that $276 of supplies had been used. 30 Purchased a new computer for $14,030(LO 4) InstructionsJournalize the transactions in the general journal. (Omit explanations.)Problem 3 E3-3B (Corrected Trial Balance) The visitation balance of Cervantes Corporation, below, does not balance. CERVANTES CORPORATIONTRIAL BALANCEAPRIL 30, 2010 Debit CreditCash $11,824 Accounts Receivable 10,480 Supplies on Hand 5,934 Furniture and Equipment 12,200 Accounts Payable $14,088Common Stock 16,000Retained Earnings 4,000Service Revenue 10,400Office Expense 8,640 $49,078 $44,488An examination of the ledger shows these errors. 1. Cash received from a customer on account was recorded as $2,760 instead of $3,660. 2. The purchase on account of a computer costing $6,400 was recorded as a debit to Office Expense and a credit to Accounts Payable. 3. Services were performed on account for a client, $4,500, for which Accounts Receivable was debited $4,500 and Service Revenue was credited $450. 4. A payment of $190 for telephone charges was entered as a debit to Office Expenses and a debit to Cash. 5. The Service Revenue account was totaled at $10,400 instead of $10,560.(LO 4) InstructionsFrom this information prepare a corrected trial balanceProblem 4 E3-5B (Adjusting Entries) The ledger of Chan term of a contract Agency on March 31 of the cur affiance year includes the following selected acc ounts before adjusting entries have been prepared. Debit CreditPrepaid Insurance $ 2,700 Supplies 2,100 Equipment 18,750 Accumulated disparagementEquipment $ 6,300Notes Payable 15,000Unearned Rent Revenue 6,975Rent Revenue 45,000Interest Expense 0 Wage Expense 10,500 An analysis of the accounts shows the following. 1. The equipment depreciates $188 per month. 2. One-third of the unearned rent was earned during the quarter. 3. Interest of $375 is accrued on the notes payable. 4. Supplies on hand total $637.5. Insurance expires at the rate of $225 per month.(LO 5) InstructionsPrepare the adjusting entries at March 31, assuming that adjusting entries are make quarterly. Additional accounts are Depreciation Expense Insurance Expense Interest Payable and Supplies Expense. Problem 5 E3-8B (Adjusting Entries) Dement is the new owner of Fung Computer Services. At the end of distinguished 2010, his first month of ownership, Dement is trying to prepare monthly financial sta tements. Below is some informationrelated to unrecorded expenses that the business incurred during August. 1. At August 31, Dement owed his employees $2,280 in wages that will be paid on September 1. 2. At the end of the month he had not yet received the months utility bill. Based on past experience, he estimated the bill would be approximately $720. 3. On August 1, Dement borrowed $36,000 from a local bank on a 15-year mortgage. The annual interest rate is 6%. 4. A telephone bill in the amount of $140 covering August charges is unpaid at August 31.5.During August, Dement earned $1000 of $6000 that was received from a client at the end of July.(LO 5) InstructionsInstructionsPrepare the adjusting journal entries as of August 31, 2010, suggested by the information above.

Maintaining A Healty Body

Maintaining A Healthy Body There are many different factors involved in maintaining a healthy body, much(prenominal) as a balanced diet, regular exercise, staying hydrated, making sure you get the aright vitamins and nutrients your body needs, getting enough sleep, taking prescribed medication mightily, and avoiding drugs and alcohol. This essay is going to reduce on how to maintain a healthy body when you are pregnant, for both the overprotect and the baby, through a healthy diet and lifestyle, and excessively the repercussions if these are not adhered to.A healthy, balanced diet is important for everyone to maintain a healthy body, but t is particularly important during maternal quality as it will keep you change course and healthy, as well as improving the growth and cultivation of the baby. The eatwell plate shows the four main food groups that are important when trying to eat well-balanced meals, as recommended by the Food Standards Agency. We are advised to eat five p ortions (a minimum of 400g) of fruit and vegetables every day in order to get a favorable combination of the vitamins and minerals our bodies need.They are also a great microbe of fibre, needed to prevent constipation, and they contribute to reducing the risk of stroke, type 2 diabetes and heart disease. A third of the food that we eat should be made up of foods that are higher in carbohydrates and fibre. These are known as starchy foods and are native be attain they digest slowly, giving us more energy and helping us to feel full for longer, making it less likely for us to over-eat.Dairy foods, much(prenominal) as, milk, cheese, and yoghurt are also important, especially in pregnant women, as they tin us with protein, essential for growth and repair, and calcium which keeps our bones strong and is vital for the development of the babys bones and teeth. However, there are some dairy products that pregnant omen are advised to avoid as they could make you ill or defame the baby . Foods rich in protein, such as fish, eggs, chicken and lean meat are also necessary as part of a well-balanced diet.These provide us with essential vitamins and minerals, for example iron and vitamin 812. Pregnant women are expected to eat two portions of fish each week, preferably oily fish such as salmon because they are rich in Omega-3, which assists in maintaining a healthy heart, and are also a good source of vitamin D. Pregnant women green goddess get most of the vitamins and minerals they need by eating a healthy, balanced diet. However, women who suffer from morning sickness may find it difficult to eat the right amount of food necessary to obtain these. Therefore, they are recommended to take supplements.It is crucial to take folic acid during pregnancy as it assists in the prevention of neural thermionic vacuum tube defects, for example, spina bifida. Women are advised to take 400 micrograms of folic acid every day from when they are trying to conceive up until the tw elfth week of pregnancy. Vitamin D is also important during pregnancy as it helps to regulate the amount of phosphate and calcium in the body. It is recommended that women take 10 micrograms of vitamin D aily, throughout the pregnancy and when they are breastfeeding in order to reduce the risk ot rickets disease, which can attect the development ot the babys bones.Many pregnant women often feel lethargic and this is mainly due to an iron deficiency. This can be avoided by taking an iron supplement which has been proven to reduce anemia, and thus could possibly reduce the risk of other pregnancy complications, such as hemorrhaging. atomic number 30 is another important supplement, proven to decrease the risk of premature birth, low birth weight and pre-eclampsia 3, which could be very serious as it may develop into eclampsia, causing the mother o substantiate fits, threatening the survival of the mother and the baby. 4 Iodine supplementation is crucial during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester as it is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, needed for the development of the babys brain. A lack of iodine could lead to hypothyroxinemia in the mother and the foetus, which could potentially lead to the baby universe born with brain damage or other neurological deficits. 5. Although it is important to have a varied, balanced diet, there are some foods that pregnant women are advised to avoid as they can cause serious illness to the mother nd the baby. One of these is unpasteurized milk, or foods that contain it, such as soft cheese.These could carry listeria, which are a harmful bacteria that can survive at refrigerator temperatures and can cause listeriosis. Methylmercury is also very dangerous as it can be harmful to the developing nervous system of an unborn baby. This can be avoided by not eating large fish, such as swordfish and tile-fish, as they contain high levels of methylmercury. It is extremely important that pregnant women cook mea t thoroughly, in order to prevent toxoplasmosis. This is caused by a harmful arasite called toxoplasma, found in raw or undercooked meat and also fruit and vegetables that have not been washed properly. 6 Exercise is extremely beneficial during pregnancy for a number of reasons. Core exercises that strengthen the abdominal, back and pelvic muscles will help to relieve back pain and should give women an advantage during labor as they will be physically prepared. Fatigue and difficulty sleeping are common problems among pregnant women. Those who exercise regularly claim to sleep better and have more energy during the day. Also, when we exercise our brains release endorphins, these re feel good hormones that help to improve your mood and decrease anxiety. 7 Smoking during pregnancy has serious implications for the mother and the baby. Smoking increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but it causes additional health problems during pregnancy such as premature birth and miscarriage . It may also cause low birth weight, making the baby more prone to infections and could be fatal. It can cause the placenta to separate from the womb too early, cutting off the babys source of food and oxygen and causing bleeding. 8 Drinking when pregnant seriously affects the unborn baby as it can stop the baby rom growing properly and affect brain development.This is because when the woman drinks, the alcohol passes through the placenta and enters the babys bloodstream. 9 In conclusion, it is evident that women need to be extremely careful in all aspects of pregnancy. Their diet and lifestyle must be altered to benefit the mother and the unborn baby. It is crucial that pregnant women are made aware of the implications of not eating properly, eating the pervert foods, and not being strict about food hygiene, as all ot these could lead to serious illness in the mother and the baby, and in serious cases, could be life-threateninghttp//www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/ healthy-pregnancy-diet.aspxhttp//www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/vitamins-minerals-supplements-pregnant.aspxhttp//www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Pre-eclampsia/Pages/Introduction.aspxhttp//yalehealth.yale.edu/obstetricsprenatal-patientshttp//www.whattoexpect.com/pregnancy/exercise-benefitshttps//www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/tobaccousepregnancy/https//www.rcog.org.uk/en/patients/patient-leaflets/alcohol-and-pregnancy/

Examination Is Good or Bad for Students Essay

The news that mid-term exams rich person been cancelled in some original schools recently has sparked quite a few controversies. Some people regard it as a big step in educational reform, while others examination whether it is on the right track. Parents, teachers and pupils, the three parts involved, have all reacted a little bit pessimistically toward the new policy. Parents, always busy working to tin their families, feel that they are losing an important quantified judgment for their childrens behaviour or performance at school and are more worried than relaxed about their childrens increased spare time.Most of them, I believe, prefer bookworms to idlers or addicts. Some parents have decided to pay more for after-school classes. Teachers, whose feet have been bound for a long time in teaching children, are beginning to lose their last control over the already spoilt students. How to check the teaching and knowledge effect? How to communicate with parents? How to keep student s working hard to get good marks in the later, more important exams? Furthermore, maintaining their copious work load, they are required to squeeze more of their meagre spare time to prepare additional lessons for quality education.On the other hand, the suddenly liberated students have to fetch ways to fill their time. They delay homework and sometimes become addicted to computer games or just wander the streets. Adopting a bad habit is often easier than forming a good one. Objectively, the exam itself is not bad. It is a most effective measure of a students knowledge, performance and ability. still people have made it into a disaster. Since when was our education caught in such a vicious circle? Textbooks have remained unchanged for many years and have become strictly ornamental, while exam questions are changed from year to year.The only way to do this is to use more and more tricky questions. In fact, what we test our students on is frequently more difficult than what tex tbooks teach. To satisfy real needs, both teachers and students choose to be drowned in a sea of exercises and exams. On the other hand, years of cramming miscellaneous rules, formulae and development may have strengthened our students ability to imitate, memorize and take exams, but at the cost of their initiative and creativity, two of the most important qualities that a student should possess.That may well answer the question why there is no Nobel-prize winner in China. I interpret the purposes of abandoning these exams as follows First, it is to answer the call of trim down students heavy burdens in their studies and return to them their happy childhood. For years, we have been appealing for students to be freed from mountains of homework and extra classes, to no avail. Students have to do that Only through absorption in all kinds of exercises and classes can most of them get comparatively satisfying results in various exams.Therefore, the cancellation of exams is intended to remove a root cause of students comminute and give them more play time. Second, it is to help relieve students of great pressure and protect their self-esteem. In fact, what frightens students are not exams, but the tremendous strain and tall expectations behind them. Exams divide students into good and bad, leading some of them to a paradise of beautiful flowers and sweet compliments and others to a hell of bitter criticisms and direful punishments.Exams often bring parents ecstasy or plunge them into the abyss of misery. Exams determine students futures and are a crystallization of a single persons triumph or failure and a whole familys hope or disillusionment. Since their first school day, students have been preparing for a diversified exam. For that reason, the cancellation of exams seems to save most families from suffering. But I doubt whether the benefits could be realized mid-term exams in primary schools are only one minor link in a whole range of exams.Will all thes e exams, eg. inal-term exams, Secondary School Entrance Exams, College Entrance Exams, and broad after-school exams for certificates in social achievement be called off too? If not, students move not shrug away their shackles and their fragile self-esteem leave alone not last for long and their happiness is doomed to be temporary. On the other hand, if a students self-esteem totally depends on the cancellation of exams, it would be too weak to protect. Our society is neither an ivory tower nor a haven of peace. It is full of competition and struggles. Setbacks are inevitable and we need them to temper ourselves.Dont be misunderstanding. I am not an exam advocator. The exam-oriented education stifles teachers as it does students. What I mean is that we cannot solve a problem by taking only a stopgap measure. The root cause lies not in exams, but in the whole educational system. The first thing we should do is to change our inherent educational ideas of talent cultivation and create an active, healthy environment of teaching and learning. It will be a long way. What we need is not the cancellation of a single exam, but an earthquake in our education.

Training and Development in Banking Sector – Research Articles

12 Extent of dressing in Banks and its Impact on employees pauperization and involvement in st eon business Muhammad Farhan Akhtar, Khizer Ali, Miss Shama Sadaqat, Shoaib Hafeez M. Com, Hailey College of Commerce, University of The Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lhr. , Pakistan.Abstract Banking sector of Pakistan is characterized by the high competition and in ball club to survive in the market place, employers urinate unsounded the need for ongoing gentility and emergence to equip their employee to give cope up with the subscribes of the dynamic environment straightaway. This analyze seek to determine the pertain of this teaching and development on motivation and craft involvement along with what planning rules be widely used in the buzzwording sector of Pakistan. The primary data for this learning was collected through with(predicate) a structured questionnaire that was tailored with the help of literature.The questionnaire comprised of 37 items, categorized int o 5 sections, which ar general perspective, motivation, occupancy involvement, instruct & development and demographics. fall oer was carried outon public and privy banks of Pakistan (Punjab region). With the concord of SPSS,Co-relation and fixation analysis was conducted to generate results. We found that information and development has a positive association with both motivation and clientele involvement of the employees of banks in Pakistan. Moreover, job instructional development and informal learning ar widely used techniques to im fall in the knowledge towards the employees in banking sector.These findings suggest that by boosting the instruction and development activities within the banking sector the employees could be affectd and get attached with their work. Keywords Motivation, formulation, bloodline Involvement, Banks 1. 0 Introduction With the extensive competition , greater demand for providing better product and services, incessantly ever-changing in te chnology and business environment in commercial banking sector demanding more(prenominal) than ever in the early(prenominal) the emphasis on trained employees in order to visualise the equirements of the customer and the business survival, banking industry now calling for up to date/latest and broader banking knowledge, skills, abilities for maintaining their domain and growth, which demand for the proper and effective genteelness to the employees. There are so many situations where service house fall mingled with the cracks. Is the representative at the schooling desk trained to find a replacement while she is a course for a few minutes? No? There goes another customer who doesnt want to wait. (I know. I ve been there).Is the guard at the door trained to direct customers to the right people or does he curtly wave them over to wait at the nullify of the line at the Information Desk when he could have sent them to the platform person who opens accounts? Do you really think that the employees are salubrious versed with the etiquettes, ethnical norms, customer psychology? If you answered no to any of these questions about training, then money is walking out the door and you are currently losing customers which are evoke of your business. Without the fuel you fe potent genitalianot run the train of your business.Due to the cutthroat competition, increased inclination of consumers towards quality oriented products and services, more customer orientation, rapid technological advancements resulting in COPY salutary 2011 ground of interdisciplinary chore question 793 ijcrb. webs. com interdisciplinary JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN profession APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 method actingical alterations and an ever changing business environment signifies, more than ever, the need of training the employees in the banking industry of Pakistan.This research paper serves the figure of acknowledging the need and greatness of training to the bank employe es in Pakistan. And whether the training really impacts the employees accomplishance and contributes to the productivity. 2. 0 Literature review So many studies are available on the subject, which seek to determine the impact of training on the motivation and commitment. Some are provided hereafter Cooper et al. (1989) found a positive relationship between training programs and employees job involvement.He argued that if there are some recognitions and financial benefits for the high performers at the training programs, the feelings of reciprocity emerges in the high performing employees as well as in other ones which motivate them to ex ladder themselves in many ways such as adapting new skills, knowledge and competencies which ultimately leads to improved brass sectional performance. Miller et al. (1996)examined the need and impact of training and development on the service sector employees is widely discussed topic in the literature.The literature review targets the trade jour nals, text books and various magazines that contain the information on training and development. study needs assessment is the first step of an judicature s training and development program. It identify the needs or performance requirements of the organization_ it determines whether there is gap between the actual performance and the standard performance set by the organization and if there is any discrepancy between the two, then training is required. After the needs assessment, the training objectives are determined . i. e. who needs training and what training is needed.Then the training is designed and machineed accordingly. At the end it isdetermined whether the training objectives were met. The paygrade system includes identifying participant reactions to the training march, how much participants learned and how well the participants transfer the training back on their respective jobs_ if employees subsequent performance would be better than the previous, then it can be give tongue to that the training has a positive impact( close of the time) on employees performance otherwise not Hughey and Mussnug (1997) found a positive coefficient of correlation between the employee training and employee & job satisfaction.Today, e really organization provide some character of training to their employees after some intervals. Some companies provide formal trainings such as initial and ongoing training programs, some hire outside training consultants according to their requirements. So motivation for fulfiling training programs varies from company to company. A actually few organizations provide effective trainings to their employees in order to improve their knowledge, abilities and skills, and the correlation of such training programs with job satisfaction is high.On theother hand , some companies provide trainings to meet health and safety regulations and some firms provide training only for appearance sake and the correlation of such type of trainings w ith motivation is not so high. Dowswell (1998) cerebrate that lack of time, growing age and other practical constraints demotivated the employees during the training. He found a negative correlation between training and motivation for aging employees and managers. He argued that the aging workers always want to maintain the status quo and if they are bound to adapt new skills and competencies through training, then their motivation takes decrease.COPY discipline 2011 Institute of interdisciplinary Business Research 794 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Lester (1999) said pros must relearn and retrain to maintain the relevance of their skills . In this statement, he argued that changing nature of the corporate environment encourages the managers and employees to continuously relearn and retain new skills, knowledge and competencies in order to keep them up to date.He found a positive correlation between the training and the highest prior level of education gained which increase the employee motivation. He concluded that if employees perform well on the training and subsequent to the training, if they perceive that they have learnt something new which would be an enhancement in their CVs as well as beneficial for them to magnetize the future opportunities, then their motivation and involvement towards their jobs increase. Stephenson (1999) concluded that there are two basic factors which are very crucial to be present in the employees in this new changing economy i. . ability to learn and adapt and understanding of the new corporate environment which can be utilized by the corporations through continuous training programs in order to increase their motivation as well as involvement towards their jobs. He argued that continuous training and maestro development is not a luxury but a necessity of today s changing economy, as employees can better understand that in order to cope with the changing corporate environment and to exploit the future job opportunities training programs are very useful to assume them up to date.So most of the time there is a positive correlation between training and professional development programs and the motivation of employees. Gregory (2001) concluded that training has a great impact on employee s subsequent job performance and the lack of training and development results in managers not familiar with the task requirements as well as the core competencies such as knowledge, skills and abilities which managers must possess to perform well the organization s tasks, as a result their performance as well as motivation level decrease.He suggested that the managers in service organizations must be knowledgeable in all newer functions that apply to their departments so that overall organizational objectives can be achieved effectively and efficiently in accordance with the new demands posses by the corporate environment.. A descriptive study conducted by a group of researchers. Roscoe (2002) said No professional completes their initial training equipped to practice competently for the rest of their life .He argued that corporate environment is changing day by day and in order to cope with the level of channelizes, organizations implement various dynamic processes including the training programs which subsequently increase the motivation levels of employees as after the training process most of the employees seek promotions to higher level jobs which is the main cause of motivation. Garavan et al. (2003) found that training process is a more job oriented that can change employee attitudes and behaviors that motivate them to increase their knowledge and understanding of the job according to the dynamic corporate environment.Another researcher (Manu, 2004) suggested the desirable techniques and theoretical accounts which whitethorn prevent the failure of a training program. In this study, it is concluded that the organi zations should choose those models of training and development that successfully fit into the organization s culture. Needs of training and essential business skills should be guardedly assessed. Then appropriate managerial techniques as well as the comprehensive plans or models should be implemented for the effective training and development program in order to motivate the employees, reduce the performance gaps and achieve the organizational goals effectively.Mathieson (2006) found a positive relationship between the training programs in which managers are participatively composite in setting the training design & motivation of employees. He argued that everyone should be involved in the journey of training program as in this way employees feel ownership of the process which add value to their performance which in return motivate them to COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 795 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BU SINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 eliver the tangible organizational improvements. Morag Mathieson is the training and development manager at the Glenmorangie Company, Broxburn, West Lothian,Uk _ He said that the company s key objective is to design the training programs which fully utilize the employee s potential and motivate the employees to continuously adapt the new skills and competencies according to the changing corporate environment. He suggested that management buy-in to training and development through bottom-up-approach can be used for this purpose. Khattaket al. 2010) suggests that training and development is directly related with successful performance of managers, organizations and nations. The countries which spend more on training and development of human resources are relatively more developed as human resources contribute to productivity more than physical and other resources but there is a problem, population growth is inversely related with human cracking investm ent, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan, so it should be controlled in order to spend more on training and development of human resources that line the more employees to get involved in their jobs and ncrease their subsequent performance A Questionnaire survey conducted on 1000 top companies of Malaysia where (Jamil & Som, 2007) concluded that changing nature of today s corporate environment and the intense global competition where consumers demand more quality services require the organizations to continuously train their human resources in order to maintain market competitiveness and business survival.The researchers argued that ad-hoc training approaches and the training programs without proper analysis leads to poor training investments, so three levels of analysis(individual, organizational and operational) as well as the multiple data collection methods and techniques should be used to analyze the training needs in order to effectively design and implement the training programs for motivating the employees and achieving the organizational goals more efficiently. Murphy et al. 2006) concluded that there is positive correlation between training programs and employee s motivation. He argued that are certain set of factors which motivate the managers and employees to continuously adapt new skills and competencies according to the today s changing environment and also increase their subsequent motivation level. These motivators may include improving the confidence level and self esteem, higher levels of career satisfaction as well as more future promotion opportunities for those who designate improved subsequent performance.He also identified some barriers in the way of training to motivation which may include lack of employer s financial support & recognition as well as insufficient knowledge about the training program. He suggested that the organizations should remove such barriers and promotes the motivators in order to effectively implem ent the training, obtain the required outcomes and subsequently increases employee s motivation and involvement towards their jobs.According to (Longenecker, 2010), there is a positive relationship between training programs and employee motivation which make the employees more involved in their jobs and subsequently results in better performance and productivity both for the employees as well as for the organizations. He argued that the organizations which want to attain semipermanent suitable results, spent huge amounts on training programs in order to make the employees up to date according to the dynamic corporate environment.He also added that employees can t improve their performance if they don t know about the need for change, so it is the responsibility of the supervisors to make the employees aware about the need for training in order to motivate them and obtain the desired outcomes. Adomi (2006) found that there is a positive relationship between training i. e. job rotatio n and employee motivation. He adopted survey method for the study in which he used questionnaire as data collection instrument. He argued that training programs such as job rotation reduce the COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 96 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 boredom of the jobs and increase the motivation through diversification of the tasks. Employees get motivation and learn new skills through training which make them to have a broader view of the jobs in the organizations in which they work and in this way performance and productivity of both employees as well as the organizations tend to improve. Kushnir, Ehrenfeld and Shalish (2006) argued that there is a positive relationship between training programs i. e. oaching and motivation of employees. He used self report measures as research instrument and compared the data-based study ( graduates who got training ) with the con trol group ( graduates who didn t get training ) and found that training increased employee motivation, self-efficacy and professional performance among coaches but not in control groups. He also added that training enhances the professional development skills of coaches which make them to perform the complex job tasks easily and to get the desired outcomes for the organizations in which they work.Amorose and massacre (2006) found that there is a positive relationship between training programs i. e. coaching and self determined motivation. He used cross-sectional survey method for the study during the training sessions. He argued that importance of the training programs is obvious as a lot of training factors such as perceived training needs, liberty as well as sense of relatedness with the training programs affect the motivational outcomes.He also added that performance related feed-back as well as different type of rewards are provided to the employees on the basis of training e valuation which make the employees motivated and enhance their performance which subsequently results in increased productivity and performance of the organizations. 3. 0 Research Methodology 3. 1 Method We conducted survey questionnaire for the collection of data in our study. The questionnaire consists of total five sections. First section shows the general prospective of training and development on employees.Second section tells about the impact of training and development on motivation of employees. Third section shows the relationship between job involvement and training and development. Fourth section depicts the type of training and development mostly used by banks. Finally, Last section tells the demographics of the respondents. 3. 2 Sample We take the taste of 100 questionnaires for our study. The respondents of questionnaire are from different bank employees in Punjab region. We selected all types of banks including public banks and private banks.In private banks, we divi ded the banks also in Islamic banks and conventional banks. The respondents are of all age level with their respective experience level. The questionnaire used in this study is reported in Appendix-I 3. 3 Hypothesis The study seeks to reveal the causative relationships between the following H1 There is positive relationship between Motivation and Training and Development. H2 There is positive relationship between Job Involvement and Training and Development. COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 797 ijcrb. ebs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS 4. 0 Statistical results 4. 1 Demographics Table 4. 1 case of Bank and Nature of Bank Nature of Bank courtly Count Type of Bank Public Private kernel 21 73 94 Islamic Count 0 6 6 APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Total Count 21 79 100 Table 4. 1 shows the Type of bank and Nature of Bank taken in study. Type of bank consists of Public Banks and Private Banks. Nature of bank consists of Con ventional banks and Islamic banks. Public banks refer to those banks which are owned by the Government.Conventional Banks are bank which use typical methods of banking. Islamic Banks are those banks whose operations are according to Islamic rules and regulation. In our survey, in Public banks, 21 respondents are from Conventional banks and not a single respondent from Islamic banks. In private Sector, 73 respondents are from Conventional Banks and 6 respondents are from Islamic Banks. So in total, 21 respondents from Public banks and 79 respondents from Private Banks and total 94 respondents from Conventional Banks and 6 respondents from Islamic banks. Table 4. Level of Job with sexual practice and Qualification Qualification Graduation Count Level of Job Middle Level Gender potent Female Upper Level Gender Male Female Total Gender Male Female 18 6 3 0 21 6 Masters Count 48 9 13 1 61 10 Others Count 0 1 1 0 1 1 Total Count 66 16 17 1 83 17 Table 4. 2 depicts the respondent s level of Job into Higher level employees and Lower level employees, in which 66 male and 16 female respondents are from Middle level employees and 17 male and 1 female respondent from higher level employees. From Gender prospective, out of total 100 respondents, 83 respondents are male and 17 respondents are female.COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 798 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 From the Qualification position of view, 21 male and 6 female respondent have Graduation s qualification and 61 male and 10 female respondent have Master s qualification and 1 male and 1 female respondents have other qualification Table 4. 3 regard, Experience with current job and Age N Experience Experience with current job Age Valid N (list wise) 98 87 95 85 Minimum 0 0 18. 00 Maximum 36 36 58. 00 inculpate 8. 62 5. 7 32. 9053 Std. Deviation 8. 445 5. 963 8. 86311 Table 4. 3 shows the respondents Exp erience level, Experience with current job and respondents Age. go forth of 100 respondents, 98 respondents respond to Experience answer with 0 and 36 years of minimum and maximal experience respectively. The fuddled value of experience employees is 8. 63 and standard deviation is 8. 445. Experience with current job respond by 87 respondents whose minimum experience to current job is 0 years and maximum experience to current job is 36 years. The mean and standard deviation of experience with current job is 5. 7 and 5. 963 respectively. Total 95 respondents give their age answer in with minimum age employee is 18 years with no experience and maximum age is 58 with 36 years of experience. The mean age of respondent is 32. 9053 and standard deviation is 8. 86311. 4. 2 Motivation Table 4. 4 Model fitness for training and development and motivation Model entireness of df concoct substantive unbent 1 reversal Residual Total F Sig. 10. 964 25. 670 36. 654 1 97 96 10. 964 . 265 41. 507 .000 The above table shows the overall fitness of the model and F stat of 41. 07 indicates that our model is good fit at 0% level of significance while the Sum of Square and Mean Square of model regression is 10. 964 and The Residual sum of Square is 25. 670 with a Mean Square of 0. 265 and a total Sum of Square of model is 36. 654. COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 799 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Table 4. 5 Regression results for training and development and motivation Unstandardized standardise Coefficients coefficients Model B Std. Beta t erroneous belief 1 (constant) Training and Development 1. 42 . 602 . 382 . 093 . 547 3. 511 6. 443 APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Sig. .001 . 000 This table shows the relationship between motivation and Training and Development. The results depict that Training and Development has 54. 7% positive impact on the motivation level of employees with regard to their jo b and this relationship is profound at 0% level of significance. Table 4. 6 Model Summary for training and development and motivation Model R R Square adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics R Square Change F Change df1 df2 Siq. F Change 1 .547 .300 .292 .51443 .300 1. 507 1 97 .000 Table 4. 6 The value of R for the model between the Motivation and Training and Development is 0. 547 and the value of R square for the model is 0. 300. The Adjusted R square for the Motivation and Training and Development is 0. 292. The Model Standard Error of the Estimate is 0. 51443. The model significance is 100%. The value of adjusted R square is . 292 that shows that out of total, 29. 2% variation in the motivation is explained by the training and development. 4. 3 Job Involvement Table 4. 7 Model fitness for training and development and job involvement Model Regression Residual Total Sum of Square 5. 570 35. 057 40. 627 df 1 96 99 Mean Square 5. 570 . 358 F 15. 570 Siq. .0 00 The above table shows the overall fitness of the model and F stat of 15. 507 indicates that our model is good fit at 0% level of significance while the Sum of Square and Mean Square of model regression is 5. 570 and The Residual sum of Square is 35. 057 with a Mean Square of 0. 358 and a total Sum of Square of model is 40. 627. COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 800 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Table 4. Regression results for training and development and job involvement Unstandardized Coefficients Model B 1 (constant) Training and development 2. 330 . 428 Std. Error . 444 . 108 . 370 Beta Standardized coefficients t APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Siq. 5. 250 3. 946 . 000 . 000 This table shows the relationship between Job Involvement and Training and Development. The results depict that Training and Development has 37. 0% positive impact on the Job Involvement level of employees with regard to their job a nd this relationship is significant at 0% level of significance.Table 4. 9 Model Summary for training and development and job involvement Change Statistics Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate R Square Change . 137 F Change df1 df2 Siq. F Change 1 .370 .137 .128 .59610 15. 570 1 96 .000 Table 4. 9 The value of R for the model between the Job Involvement and Training and Development is 0. 370 and the value of R square for the model is 0. 137. The Adjusted R square for the Job Involvement and Training and Development is 0. 128. The Model Standard Error of the Estimate is 0. 59610.The model significance is 100%. Table 4. 10 shows the types of training methods result N Job instruction Informal Learning Coaching special(prenominal) Tasks Job Rotation Case Studies Seminars Lectures Valid N (listwise) 99 100 90 91 91 99 99 100 89 Mean 4. 0808 3. 5600 3. 3889 3. 2306 3. 1538 3. 1414 3. 1212 2. 9900 Std. Deviation 1. 03684 1. 02809 1. 09846 1. 33397 1. 16355 1. 2289 9 1. 24763 1. 15902 COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 801 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Table 4. shows the mostly used types of training and development methods in banks, in which 99 out of 100 respondents give job instruction method the highest rank with the mean of 4. 0808 and standard deviation of 1. 03684. Second most widely used method is informal learning having mean and standard deviation of 3. 5600 and 1. 02809 respectively. 90 respondents give coaching training method on the third important level. Mean of Coaching in results is 3. 3889 and standard deviation is 1. 09846. 91 respondents gives special tasks clean rating with the mean of 3. 2306 and its standard deviation is 1. 33397.Job rotation has the mean value of 3. 1538 and standard deviation 1. 16355 by the 91 respondents. Case studies get the values of 3. 1414 and 1. 22899 of mean and standard deviation respectiv ely. At the end, Seminars and Lectures get the lowest numbers by respondents of mean 3. 1212 and 2. 9900 respectively and standard deviation is 1. 24763 and 1. 15902. 5. 0 Conclusion Training for employees of an organization is considered very much important in order to achieve excellence and competence. But does training plays any other role besides providing learning and fit out the employees with demanding competencies?Surely it does as indicated that training has a positive impact on both motivation and job involvement. There are certain limitations of the study as the sample size is 100, which is too small a large scale study would provide more reliability to the study. This study however, clearly emphasizes the need and importance of the training on the employees in the banking sector characterized by low morale due to high work stress. COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 802 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS ReferencesAPRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Anglin, G. M. (2001). Company officer training and development Maintaining unison in dynamic environment , National Fire Academy, pp. 1-39. Dowswell, C. , Hewison, J. and Hinds, M. (1998), Motivational forces affecting participation inpost-registration degree courses and effects on home and work-life a qualitative study ,Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28 (6), pp. 1326-33. Garavan, T. N. , Hogan, C. and Cahir-O Donnell, A. (2003), Making Training and DevelopmentWork A Best Practice Guide, Dublin, Oak Tree Press.Hughey, A. W. , &Mussnug, K. J. (1997). Designing effective employee training programmes. Training for Quality , 5 (2), pp. 52 57. Jamil, R. , &Md. Som, H. (2007). Training Needs Analysis Practices of Top Companies in Malaysia. International Review of Business Research Papers , 3 (3), 162-175. Khattak, M. A. , Bashir, F. , &Qureshi, T. M. (2010). Training and Development paradigm, and its share in economic uplift of the country, A case from Pakistan, 12th International Business Research Conference, pp. 1-16. Lester, S. 1999), Professional bodies, CPD and informal learning the case for conservation ,Continuous Professional Development, 2(4), pp. 11-121. Manu, J. S. (2004). Training and development techniques for improving organizational performance for Ghanaian firms. The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout , pp. 143. Mathieson, M. (2006). Improving organisational performance through developing our people , industrial and commercial training , 38 (2), 70-77. Miller A. J. , SPHR, Osinski M. D. , SPHR. (1996), Training needs assessment Murphy, C. , Cross, C. , & McGuire, D. (2006).The motivation of nurses to participate in continuing professional education in Ireland. Journal of European Industrial Training , 6 (5), 365-384. Roscoe, J. (2002), Continuing professional development in higher education , Human ResourceDevelopment International, 5(1), pp. 3-9. Rusbult, C. , Farrell, D. , Rogers, G. and Mai nus, A. (1988), Impact of exchange variables on exit,voice loyalty and leave off an endogenic model of responses to declining job satisfaction ,Academy of Management Journal, 31, pp. 599-627. Stephenson, J. (1999), Corporate Capability Implications for the Style andDirection ofworkbased learning , National Centre for Vocational Education Research COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 803 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 Withey, M. and Cooper, W. (1989), Predicting, exit, voice, loyalty and neglect , AdministrativeScience Quarterly, 34, pp. 521-39. COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 804 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Appendix I APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12Questionnaire Dear Sir/Madam, I am a student of M. Com at Hailey College of Commerce. The following research is part of our degree program and conducted for purely academic purposes. The purpose of research is to find out the Extent of Training in banks and its impact on Employees Motivation and Involvement in Job. All the information collected through the questionnaire will be used only for contribution to knowledge and kept secret/confidential. Please ensure that you mark all the given statements as sketchy responses will not fulfill researcher s requirements. General Perspective 1) powerfully Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Indifferent (4) control (5) Strongly Agree In my opinion, Training must be part of every employee s Job 1 2 3 In my opinion, Training must be provided on regular basis. 1 2 3 My organization considers the training program important for the employees 1 2 3 The training used by the organization is effective. 1 2 3 I am satisfied with the training program offered by the organization. 1 2 3 The training program is right-hand in personal development. 1 2 3 The training program is helpful in professional development 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Motivation 1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Indifferent (4) Agree (5) Strongly Agree I have a generally positive attitude toward those holding positions of authority over me. I enjoy competition and striving to win for myself and my work group. I like to tell others what to do and have no problem with imposing sanctions to lend oneself my directives. I like being active, assertive, and protecting the members of the work group. I enjoy the idea of standing out from the group, behaving in a unique manner, and being passing visible. I am willing to perform routine, day-to-day administrative tasks and duties. 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 Job Involvement (1) Strongly Disagree (2) Disagree (3) Slightly Disagree (4) Slightly Agree (5) Agree (6) Strongly Agree The most important things that can happen to me is to get involved in my present job. To me, my job is only a small part of who I am. I am very much involved personally i n my job. I live, eat, and breathe my job. Most of my interests are centered around my job. I have very strong ties with my present job which would be very difficult to break. Usually I feel detached from my job. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 805 ijcrb. webs. com INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY RESEARCH IN BUSINESS Most of my personal life goals are job oriented. I consider my job to be very central to my existence. I like to be absorbed in my job most of the time. 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 APRIL 2011 VOL 2, N O 12 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 The Type of Training Used by the Organization (1) Never (2) sometimes (3) Mostly (4) Often (5) AlwaysCOACHING (a senior guides the junior or new entrant) JOB ROTATION (Systematically the trainee is go from one place to another) SPECIAL TASKS (Assigning tasks to employees to increase their knowledge base) LECTURES (Lectures on specific issues and topics) SEMINARS (Experts from outside organization are called to discuss specific issues) CASE STUDIES (Written material is provided regarding organization problems and events) INFORMAL LEARNING (Colleagues and friends discuss matters informally) JOB INSTRUCTIONS (Written instructions are provided regarding procedures) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Type of Bank O Public O Private O O Nature of Bank O Conventional O Islamic O O Level of Job - O Middle Level O Top Level O O Experience (in Years) ______________ Experience with Current Job (in years) ______________ Qualification - O Graduation O Masters O Others O O O _____________________ Age (in Years) _________________________ Gender - O Male O O O THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR TIME AND COOPERATION Female COPY RIGHT 2011 Institute of Interdisciplinary Business Research 806